A futuristic insight into a "nano-doctor": A clinical review on medical diagnosis and devices using nanotechnology

Surgical sciences are very important for human existence and survival. Surgery, however, is not a 100 percent success probability operation. In fact, some decades ago, surgical operations are generally regarded as a 50 percent probable risk operation. This review highlights the invention of nanotechnology to eliminate piercing type of surgery and invent a step by step approach that could bring about the development of a nano-doctor who can operate by minimal invasion and much less invasion. The coming to limelight of nanomedicine as a child's play of combining nanotechnology with pure sciences such as biology and chemistry were discussed. The possibility of developing a nano-doctor was discussed based on an integration with 4th industrial revolution (4IR) technologies and the pros and cons of inventing and adopting a nano-doctor were explained as a documented review which could serve as a baseline knowledge for its realization. Few challenges such as human body complexity, safety, ethical, regulatory, manufacturing and characterization concerns were also identified and cogently discussed as some upcoming issues. The possible integration of modern 4IR tools such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, machine learning, ZigBee technology, and internet of things (IoTs) were briefly touched. This review established the possibility of inventing a nano-doctor for surgical operation which will in turn be of great benefits to human health.