A Preliminary Study on Analysis of Lower Limb Energy during Walking in the Patients with Knee Replacement

Background: Knee replacement surgeries are used to reduce pain and enhance functionality for individuals with knee arthritis. It is predicted that the annual volume of total knee replacement surgeries conducted in the US will surge by a substantial 673% by 2030. Though a lot of studies have done gait analysis on patients with knee replacement, little research is on energy changes in the lower limbs during gait. This study aimed to investigate the mechanical energy changes in the lower limbs for patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA), and ultimately to provide a specific tool to analyze limb energy during gait in clinical practice. Methods: 10 TKA and 8 UKA patients were recruited for gait analysis. The control group consisted of 11 individuals without knee replacement surgery. Vicon motion capture system and Plug-in-Gait model were used to collect gait data to obtain marker coordinates and gait parameters. The kinetic energy, potential energy, and rotational energy for each segment in the lower limbs were calculated. The energies in the centre of pelvis were considered as the approximate to the centre of mass. The energy recovery coefficients were analysed for each segment during gait. SPSS was used to identify the differences between different groups. Results: The results showed that during walking, the upper leg had the highest recovery coefficient, approximately 40%, followed by the foot at 10%, and the lowest recovery coefficient was observed in the lower leg, approximately 1–3%. However, the energy recovery coefficients at the centre of pelvis were significantly higher in the control group than the TKA and UKA groups by roughly 12%–15%. Conclusions: The energy difference between the operative and non-operative sides is not significant regardless of the type of surgery. The TKA and UKA groups were more active in potential energy than control group. The upper leg has the highest recovery efficiency of kinetic and potential energy exchanges when walking. The control group used the energy for whole body is better than the patient groups. This study provides a new and useful way to analyze mechanical energy in the lower limbs during gait and could be applied in clinical practice.