Assessing exposure to childhood adversity in adults: A systematic review of validated self-report childhood adversity questionnaires

TY - JOUR

T1 - Assessing exposure to childhood adversity in adults

T2 - A systematic review of validated self-report childhood adversity questionnaires

AU - Mosler, Franziska

AU - Christogianni, Aikaterini

AU - Singleton, Sam

AU - Hales, Tim

AU - Rennie, Janine

AU - Colvin, Lesley

AU - Caes, Line

PY - 2025/7/16

Y1 - 2025/7/16

N2 - Introduction: Children exposed to adverse experiences (ACEs) are more likely to experience mental health problems in adulthood. However, ACE assessment is highly heterogeneous, hampering widespread screening and trauma-informed care provision. We aimed to systematically identify and critically evaluate all validated, self-report ACE questionnaires, working with people with lived experience (PWLE). Methods: The review followed PRISMA guidelines to systematically search databases for validated self-report measures, completed by adults, assessing at least two ACEs. Articles were excluded if they were not written in English, were not original articles, assessed poor childhood health or adverse experiences happening in adulthood, and/or only assessed one ACE. Psychometric properties were evaluated using Cohen’s criteria for evidence-based assessments, the COSMIN checklist, and a content validity form co-designed with PWLE. Results: We identified 112 eligible studies covering 31 ACE questionnaires. Cohen’s criteria classified 9 questionnaires as “well-established” and 2 as “approaching well-established”. No questionnaire was rated as “sufficient” quality across all the COSMIN measurement properties. The ACE Study-questionnaire, Childhood Experiences Survey (CES) and the ACE-International Questionnaire had the highest number of properties rated as sufficient. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) was most frequently evaluated but received “insufficient” ratings across all measurement properties. PWLE scored content validity highest for the CES. Conclusion: Consequently, no ACE questionnaires received good psychometric ratings, with the most widely used questionnaire (CTQ-SF) not performing well, which has implications for selecting an appropriate instrument. With increasing emphasis on trauma-informed health care, there is an urgent need to co-develop ACE questionnaires with PWLE to balance content validity with usability.

AB - Introduction: Children exposed to adverse experiences (ACEs) are more likely to experience mental health problems in adulthood. However, ACE assessment is highly heterogeneous, hampering widespread screening and trauma-informed care provision. We aimed to systematically identify and critically evaluate all validated, self-report ACE questionnaires, working with people with lived experience (PWLE). Methods: The review followed PRISMA guidelines to systematically search databases for validated self-report measures, completed by adults, assessing at least two ACEs. Articles were excluded if they were not written in English, were not original articles, assessed poor childhood health or adverse experiences happening in adulthood, and/or only assessed one ACE. Psychometric properties were evaluated using Cohen’s criteria for evidence-based assessments, the COSMIN checklist, and a content validity form co-designed with PWLE. Results: We identified 112 eligible studies covering 31 ACE questionnaires. Cohen’s criteria classified 9 questionnaires as “well-established” and 2 as “approaching well-established”. No questionnaire was rated as “sufficient” quality across all the COSMIN measurement properties. The ACE Study-questionnaire, Childhood Experiences Survey (CES) and the ACE-International Questionnaire had the highest number of properties rated as sufficient. The Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF) was most frequently evaluated but received “insufficient” ratings across all measurement properties. PWLE scored content validity highest for the CES. Conclusion: Consequently, no ACE questionnaires received good psychometric ratings, with the most widely used questionnaire (CTQ-SF) not performing well, which has implications for selecting an appropriate instrument. With increasing emphasis on trauma-informed health care, there is an urgent need to co-develop ACE questionnaires with PWLE to balance content validity with usability.

KW - Adverse Childhood Experiences

KW - Assessment Tools

KW - Questionnaires

U2 - 10.1159/000547529

DO - 10.1159/000547529

M3 - Article

C2 - 40695256

SN - 0033-3190

JO - Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

JF - Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics

ER -