Beyond the exponential horn: a bush-cricket with ear canals which function as coupled resonators

TY - JOUR

T1 - Beyond the exponential horn

T2 - a bush-cricket with ear canals which function as coupled resonators

AU - Celiker, Emine

AU - Woodrow, Charlie

AU - Rocha-Sánchez, Aurora Y.

AU - Chivers, Benedict D.

AU - Barrientos-Lozano, Ludivina

AU - Montealegre-Z, Fernando

N1 - Funding Information: We thank the Orthopterists’ Society for aiding the funding of the micro-CT work of C.W. and the University of Lincoln for C.W.’s PhD studentship. Funding Information: E.C., C.W. and F.M.-Z. are funded by the European Research Council grant no. ERCCoG-2017-773067 (to F.M.-Z. for the project ‘The Insect Cochlea’). Acknowledgements Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors.

PY - 2022/10

Y1 - 2022/10

N2 - Bush-crickets have dual-input, tympanal ears located in the tibia of their forelegs. The sound will first of all reach the external sides of the tympana, before arriving at the internal sides through the bush-cricket's ear canal, the acoustic trachea (AT), with a phase lapse and pressure gain. It has been shown that for many bush-crickets, the AT has an exponential horn-shaped morphology and function, producing a significant pressure gain above a certain cut-off frequency. However, the underlying mechanism of different AT designs remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the AT of the duetting Phaneropterinae bush-cricket Pterodichopetala cieloi function as coupled resonators, producing sound pressure gains at the sex-specific conspecific calling song frequency, and attenuating the remainder - a functioning mechanism significantly different from an exponential horn. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that despite the sexual dimorphism between the P. cieloi AT, both male and female AT have a similar biophysical mechanism. The analysis was carried out using an interdisciplinary approach, where micro-computed tomography was used for the morphological properties of the P. cieloi AT, and a finite-element analysis was applied on the precise tracheal geometry to further justify the experimental results and to go beyond experimental limitations.

AB - Bush-crickets have dual-input, tympanal ears located in the tibia of their forelegs. The sound will first of all reach the external sides of the tympana, before arriving at the internal sides through the bush-cricket's ear canal, the acoustic trachea (AT), with a phase lapse and pressure gain. It has been shown that for many bush-crickets, the AT has an exponential horn-shaped morphology and function, producing a significant pressure gain above a certain cut-off frequency. However, the underlying mechanism of different AT designs remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that the AT of the duetting Phaneropterinae bush-cricket Pterodichopetala cieloi function as coupled resonators, producing sound pressure gains at the sex-specific conspecific calling song frequency, and attenuating the remainder - a functioning mechanism significantly different from an exponential horn. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that despite the sexual dimorphism between the P. cieloi AT, both male and female AT have a similar biophysical mechanism. The analysis was carried out using an interdisciplinary approach, where micro-computed tomography was used for the morphological properties of the P. cieloi AT, and a finite-element analysis was applied on the precise tracheal geometry to further justify the experimental results and to go beyond experimental limitations.

KW - acoustic trachea

KW - bush-cricket ear

KW - finite-element analysis

KW - laser Doppler vibrometry

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/85140430510

U2 - 10.1098/rsos.220532

DO - 10.1098/rsos.220532

M3 - Article

C2 - 36312569

AN - SCOPUS:85140430510

SN - 2054-5703

VL - 9

JO - Royal Society Open Science

JF - Royal Society Open Science

IS - 10

M1 - 220532

ER -