Can the degree of concordance with recommendations for a cancer prevention diet and lifestyle be assessed from existing survey information data?

Background: The World Cancer Research Fund convened an expert committee who analyzed the literature related to the causation of human cancers. Recommendations for preventing cancer through behavioral practices were formatted into a 14-point guideline. Objective: We parsed the cancer prevention guidelines to determine to what extent relevant information on individual behavior could be assessed from conventional food-frequency questionnaires, which are being used in surveys conducted in developing countries. Design: We examined a convenience sample of archival forms completed during 2 independent studies (a case-control and a field study) that used an adapted Willett food-frequency questionnaire that was translated into Spanish for use in Guatemala. Results: All dietary related guidelines, except for salt, were evaluated by both questionnaires. Physical activity, food handling, and food preparation were not addressed by either of the questionnaires, although body mass index and dietary supplements were addressed in the case-control study and field-study questionnaires, respectively. Conclusions: Although concordance with some of the cancer prevention goals and guidelines can be evaluated from the existing questionnaires, adjustments and additions must be made with respect to salt and supplement use, physical activity, and food handling. Actual weight and height measurements are also needed, particularly in low-income populations.