Cooperative learning through Philosophy for Children around the world

Philosophy for Children (P4C) is a kind of cooperative learning. Its aims and purposes are described, followed by an outline of its principles of operation in primary and secondary schools (and even universities). There are several ways of delivering P4C, from within one class to between cooperating institutions. Evidence for the effectiveness of P4C is briefly reviewed. There are differences between projects where teachers are volunteers and where teachers are coerced into participating. P4C is widely stated as used in over 60 countries, but this is uncertain. A more important question is how P4C (of US origin) can be adapted to cultural complexities in very different countries, such as countries with a Confucian heritage (e.g., Hong Kong and China) and countries with a very different religious context (e.g., Iran). Both of these countries also have very different governmental contexts. Finally, whether and how P4C can be delivered remotely through online or blended learning will be considered, especially in developing countries. P4C seems a practical and effective means for delivering cooperative learning to enhance critical thinking and student attainment in many countries, but it must be delivered with care for the sensibilities of teachers and the socio-cultural context of the country concerned.