Cryptosporidium Oocyst Wall Proteins are true components of the oocyst wall and COWP8 is not required for parasite transmission

TY - JOUR

T1 - Cryptosporidium Oocyst Wall Proteins are true components of the oocyst wall and COWP8 is not required for parasite transmission

AU - Bacchetti, Ross

AU - Stevens, Sarah

AU - Lemgruber, Leandro

AU - Oliva, Mariana Azevedo Gonzalez

AU - Sands, Emma M.

AU - Alexandrou, Konstantinos

AU - Tinti, Michele

AU - Robinson, Lee

AU - Hanna, Jack C.

AU - Seizova, Simona

AU - Goddard, Peyton

AU - Vassalli, Massimo

AU - Pawlowic, Mattie Christine

N1 - © 2025 Bacchetti et al.

PY - 2025/10/23

Y1 - 2025/10/23

N2 - Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrhoeal disease contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality for the immunocompromised and for young children, especially those who are malnourished. There are no vaccines and no effective treatments for these patients. Cryptosporidium parasites are transmitted as an oocyst, which is composed of a hardy oocyst wall that protects parasites in the environment. Oocysts are often waterborne, and are resistant to common water treatments, including chlorination. Little is understood about how the Cryptosporidium oocyst is constructed, its composition, and the how it resists chlorination. A family of nine Cryptosporidium Oocyst Wall Proteins (COWPs) is predicted from the genome. However, due to the technical challenges of working with this parasite in the laboratory, only cowp1 has been investigated to date. Using CRISPR/Cas9, fluorescent fusions were generated for the remaining members of the family, COWPs 2–9. Microscopy confirms that all COWPs localise to the oocyst wall. Further, COWPs 2–4 appear to localise specifically to the oocyst suture, the site from which parasites emerge from the oocyst during infection. Cowp 6 and 8 were observed to be expressed by female parasites. These proteins localise to puncta consistent with organelles called wall forming bodies. These organelles store and then secrete material to form the oocyst wall. Parasites lacking cowp8 produce viable oocysts that have typical oocyst morphology. Cowp8 knockout oocysts are transmissible under laboratory settings and readily infect immunocompromised mice. Biomechanical measurements determine that COWP8 is not required for the strength of the oocyst wall. This work confirms the role of cowps in oocyst wall formation and sets a foundation for further exploration of the role of these proteins in transmission of Cryptosporidium parasites.

AB - Cryptosporidiosis is a significant cause of diarrhoeal disease contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality for the immunocompromised and for young children, especially those who are malnourished. There are no vaccines and no effective treatments for these patients. Cryptosporidium parasites are transmitted as an oocyst, which is composed of a hardy oocyst wall that protects parasites in the environment. Oocysts are often waterborne, and are resistant to common water treatments, including chlorination. Little is understood about how the Cryptosporidium oocyst is constructed, its composition, and the how it resists chlorination. A family of nine Cryptosporidium Oocyst Wall Proteins (COWPs) is predicted from the genome. However, due to the technical challenges of working with this parasite in the laboratory, only cowp1 has been investigated to date. Using CRISPR/Cas9, fluorescent fusions were generated for the remaining members of the family, COWPs 2–9. Microscopy confirms that all COWPs localise to the oocyst wall. Further, COWPs 2–4 appear to localise specifically to the oocyst suture, the site from which parasites emerge from the oocyst during infection. Cowp 6 and 8 were observed to be expressed by female parasites. These proteins localise to puncta consistent with organelles called wall forming bodies. These organelles store and then secrete material to form the oocyst wall. Parasites lacking cowp8 produce viable oocysts that have typical oocyst morphology. Cowp8 knockout oocysts are transmissible under laboratory settings and readily infect immunocompromised mice. Biomechanical measurements determine that COWP8 is not required for the strength of the oocyst wall. This work confirms the role of cowps in oocyst wall formation and sets a foundation for further exploration of the role of these proteins in transmission of Cryptosporidium parasites.

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105019774433

U2 - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013561

DO - 10.1371/journal.ppat.1013561

M3 - Article

C2 - 41129551

SN - 1553-7366

VL - 21

JO - PLoS Pathogens

JF - PLoS Pathogens

IS - 10

M1 - e1013561

ER -