Diet, environmental factors, and lifestyle underlie the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adults in Scotland, and supplementation reduces the proportion that are severely deficient

TY - JOUR

T1 - Diet, environmental factors, and lifestyle underlie the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in healthy adults in Scotland, and supplementation reduces the proportion that are severely deficient

AU - Zgaga, Lina

AU - Theodoratou, Evropi

AU - Farrington, Susan M.

AU - Agakov, Felix

AU - Tenesa, Albert

AU - Walker, Marion

AU - Knox, Susan

AU - Michael Wallace, A.

AU - Cetnarskyj, Roseanne

AU - McNeill, Geraldine

AU - Kyle, Janet

AU - Porteous, Mary E.

AU - Dunlop, Malcolm G.

AU - Campbell, Harry

PY - 2011/8

Y1 - 2011/8

N2 - Vitamin D deficiency has recently been implicated as a possible risk factor in the etiology of numerous diseases, including nonskeletal conditions. In humans, skin synthesis following exposure to UVB is a potent source of vitamin D, but in regions with lowUVB, individuals are at risk of vitaminDdeficiency.Our objectiveswere to describe the prevalence of vitaminDdeficiency and to investigate determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations in a high northern latitude country. Detailed dietary, lifestyle, and demographic data were collected for 2235 healthy adults (21-82 y) from Scotland. Plasma 25-OHD was measuredby liquid chromatography-tandemMS.Amongstudy participants,34.5%were severely deficient (25-OHD<25nmol/L) and28.9%wereat highrisk of deficiency (25-40nmol/L). Only36.6%of participantswere at lowrisk of vitaminDdeficiencyor had adequate levels (>40 nmol/L). Among participants who were taking supplements, 21.3% had a May-standardized 25-OHD concentration (>50 nmol/L, 54.2% had 25-50 nmol/L, and 24.5% had (<25 nmol/L, whereas this was 15.6, 43.3, and 41%, respectively, among those who did not take supplements (P<0.0001). The most important sources of vitamin D were supplements and fish consumption. Vitamin D deficiency in Scotland is highly prevalent due to a combination of insufficient exposure to UVB and insufficient dietary intake. Higher dietary vitamin D intake modestly improved the plasma 25-OHD concentration (P = 0.02) and reduced the proportion of severely deficient individuals (P<0.0001). In regions with low UVB exposure, dietary and supplement intakemay bemuchmore important than previously thought and consideration should be given to increasing the current recommended dietary allowance of 0-10 mg/d for adults in Scotland.

AB - Vitamin D deficiency has recently been implicated as a possible risk factor in the etiology of numerous diseases, including nonskeletal conditions. In humans, skin synthesis following exposure to UVB is a potent source of vitamin D, but in regions with lowUVB, individuals are at risk of vitaminDdeficiency.Our objectiveswere to describe the prevalence of vitaminDdeficiency and to investigate determinants of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations in a high northern latitude country. Detailed dietary, lifestyle, and demographic data were collected for 2235 healthy adults (21-82 y) from Scotland. Plasma 25-OHD was measuredby liquid chromatography-tandemMS.Amongstudy participants,34.5%were severely deficient (25-OHD<25nmol/L) and28.9%wereat highrisk of deficiency (25-40nmol/L). Only36.6%of participantswere at lowrisk of vitaminDdeficiencyor had adequate levels (>40 nmol/L). Among participants who were taking supplements, 21.3% had a May-standardized 25-OHD concentration (>50 nmol/L, 54.2% had 25-50 nmol/L, and 24.5% had (<25 nmol/L, whereas this was 15.6, 43.3, and 41%, respectively, among those who did not take supplements (P<0.0001). The most important sources of vitamin D were supplements and fish consumption. Vitamin D deficiency in Scotland is highly prevalent due to a combination of insufficient exposure to UVB and insufficient dietary intake. Higher dietary vitamin D intake modestly improved the plasma 25-OHD concentration (P = 0.02) and reduced the proportion of severely deficient individuals (P<0.0001). In regions with low UVB exposure, dietary and supplement intakemay bemuchmore important than previously thought and consideration should be given to increasing the current recommended dietary allowance of 0-10 mg/d for adults in Scotland.

KW - vitamin d deficiency

KW - diet

KW - environmental factors

KW - adult

KW - demography

KW - life style

KW - plasma

KW - scotland

KW - skin

KW - vitamin d

KW - recommended daily allowance

KW - ultraviolet b radiation

KW - fish intake

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/79961137547

U2 - 10.3945/jn.111.140012

DO - 10.3945/jn.111.140012

M3 - Article

C2 - 21697298

AN - SCOPUS:79961137547

SN - 0022-3166

VL - 141

SP - 1535

EP - 1542

JO - Journal of Nutrition

JF - Journal of Nutrition

IS - 8

ER -