TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of smoking on blood pressure and resting heart rate
T2 - a Mendelian randomisation meta-analysis in the CARTA Consortium
AU - Linneberg, Allan
AU - Jacobsen, Rikke K.
AU - Skaaby, Tea
AU - Taylor, Amy E.
AU - Fluharty, Meg E.
AU - Jeppesen, Jørgen L.
AU - Bjørngaard, Johan H.
AU - Åsvold, Bjørn O.
AU - Gabrielsen, Maiken E.
AU - Campbell, Archie
AU - Marioni, Riccardo E.
AU - Kumari, Meena
AU - Marques-Vidal, Pedro
AU - Kaakinen, Marika
AU - Cavadino, Alana
AU - Postmus, Iris
AU - Ahluwalia, Tarunveer S.
AU - Wannamethee, S. Goya
AU - Lahti, Jari
AU - Räikkönen, Katri
AU - Palotie, Aarno
AU - Wong, Andrew
AU - Dalgård, Christine
AU - Ford, Ian
AU - Ben-Shlomo, Yoav
AU - Christiansen, Lene
AU - Kyvik, Kirsten O.
AU - Kuh, Diana
AU - Eriksson, Johan G.
AU - Whincup, Peter H.
AU - Mbarek, Hamdi
AU - de Geus, Eco J. C.
AU - Vink, Jacqueline M.
AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.
AU - Davey Smith, George
AU - Lawlor, Debbie A.
AU - Kisialiou, Aliaksei
AU - McConnachie, Alex
AU - Padmanabhan, Sandosh
AU - Jukema, J. Wouter
AU - Power, Chris
AU - Hyppönen, Elina
AU - Preisig, Martin
AU - Waeber, Gerard
AU - Vollenweider, Peter
AU - Korhonen, Tellervo
AU - Laatikainen, Tiina
AU - Salomaa, Veikko
AU - Kaprio, Jaakko
AU - Kivimäki, Mika
AU - Smith, Blair H.
AU - Hayward, Caroline
AU - Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.
AU - Thuesen, Betina H.
AU - Sattar, Naveed
AU - Morris, Richard W.
AU - Romundstad, Pål R.
AU - Munafò, Marcus R.
AU - Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta
AU - Husemoen, Lise Lotte N.
PY - 2015
Y1 - 2015
N2 - BACKGROUND: -Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood.METHODS AND RESULTS: -Data on 141,317 participants (62,666 never, 40,669 former, 37,982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomisation (MR) meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the MR analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower SBP, DBP, and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses amongst current smokers, one cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 beats/minute; 95% CI 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate, and slightly higher DBP (0.05 mmHg; 95% CI 0.02; 0.08) and SBP (0.08 mmHg; 95% CI 0.03; 0.13). However, in MR analyses amongst current smokers, while each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 beats/minute/allele; 95% CI 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with DBP, SBP, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 beats/minute higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day.CONCLUSIONS: -This MR meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.
AB - BACKGROUND: -Smoking is an important cardiovascular disease risk factor, but the mechanisms linking smoking to blood pressure are poorly understood.METHODS AND RESULTS: -Data on 141,317 participants (62,666 never, 40,669 former, 37,982 current smokers) from 23 population-based studies were included in observational and Mendelian randomisation (MR) meta-analyses of the associations of smoking status and smoking heaviness with systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP, DBP), hypertension, and resting heart rate. For the MR analyses, a genetic variant rs16969968/rs1051730 was used as a proxy for smoking heaviness in current smokers. In observational analyses, current as compared with never smoking was associated with lower SBP, DBP, and lower hypertension risk, but with higher resting heart rate. In observational analyses amongst current smokers, one cigarette/day higher level of smoking heaviness was associated with higher (0.21 beats/minute; 95% CI 0.19; 0.24) resting heart rate, and slightly higher DBP (0.05 mmHg; 95% CI 0.02; 0.08) and SBP (0.08 mmHg; 95% CI 0.03; 0.13). However, in MR analyses amongst current smokers, while each smoking increasing allele of rs16969968/rs1051730 was associated with higher resting heart rate (0.36 beats/minute/allele; 95% CI 0.18; 0.54), there was no strong association with DBP, SBP, or hypertension. This would suggest a 7 beats/minute higher heart rate in those who smoke 20 cigarettes/day.CONCLUSIONS: -This MR meta-analysis supports a causal association of smoking heaviness with higher level of resting heart rate, but not with blood pressure. These findings suggest that part of the cardiovascular risk of smoking may operate through increasing resting heart rate.
KW - Blood pressure
KW - heart rate
KW - hypertension
KW - Mendelian randomization
KW - smoking
U2 - 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225
DO - 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.115.001225
M3 - Article
C2 - 26538566
SN - 1942-325X
VL - 8
SP - 832
EP - 841
JO - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
JF - Circulation: Cardiovascular Genetics
IS - 6
ER -