Exploration of the individual, social and environmental factors influencing dietary behaviour in shift workers with type 2 diabetes working in UK healthcare—The Shift-Diabetes Study: A qualitative study using the theoretical domains framework

Aim: To identify factors influencing dietary behaviour in shift workers with type 2 diabetes (T2D) working in UK healthcare settings. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews based on the theoretical domains framework (TDF) were conducted with a convenience sample (n = 15) of shift workers (32–59 years) diagnosed with T2D who worked night shifts as part of a mixed shift schedule. The TDF was applied to analyse transcripts using a combined deductive framework and inductive thematic analysis approach. Identified influences were mapped to the behaviour change technique taxonomy to identify potential strategies to change dietary behaviour in this context. Results: Key barriers to healthy dietary behaviours were access and cost of food available during night work (TDF domain: Environment Context and Resources). Factors identified as both enablers and barriers included: availability of staff facilities and time to take a break, (Environment Context and Resources), the physical impact of night work (Beliefs About Consequences), eating in response to stress or tiredness (Emotion), advance planning of meals/food and taking own food to work (Behavioural Regulation). Potential techniques to address these influences and improve dietary behaviour in this context include: meal planning templates, self-monitoring and biofeedback, and increasing accessibility and availability of healthier food choices during night shifts. Conclusions: The dietary behaviour of shift workers with T2D is influenced by interacting individual, socio-cultural and environmental factors. Intervention should focus on environmental restructuring and strategies that enable monitoring and meal planning.