FAIR foundations of a novel indicator vault for non-communicable diseases in the European Union: feasibility study for effective contextualisation of indicators

TY - JOUR

T1 - FAIR foundations of a novel indicator vault for non-communicable diseases in the European Union

T2 - feasibility study for effective contextualisation of indicators

AU - Štotl, Iztok

AU - Carinci, Fabrizio

AU - Fava, Stephen

AU - Lavens, Astrid

AU - Lepiksone, Jana

AU - Massi Benedetti, Massimo

AU - Poljičanin, Tamara

AU - Cunningham, Scott

AU - Sándor, János

AU - Nicholson, Nicholas

N1 - Publisher Copyright: 2025 Štotl, Carinci, Fava, Lavens, Lepiksone, Massi Benedetti, Poljičanin, Cunningham, Sándor and Nicholson.

PY - 2025/12/16

Y1 - 2025/12/16

N2 - Background: Comparing health indicators across the European Union (EU) is a challenging endeavour. A feasibility study was conducted to explore opportunities for improvement through the contextualisation of indicators for major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to improve the usability and transparency of indicators in the domain of NCDs by describing the contextual information about the data from which they draw and the related data processes. In particular, we sought to illustrate how semantic linkage could be achieved to facilitate interoperability with other metadata models using FAIR data principles. Finally, we aimed to provide recommendations for the implementation of the proposed metadata model at the EU level. Methods: A number of expert group meetings were held between March 2023 and October 2024 to agree on the approach and related technologies to meet the standard requirements for the meaningful comparison of indicators across countries and regions of Europe in the domain of NCDs. Results: The Semantic Ontology-Labelled Indicator Contextualisation Integrative Taxonomy (SOLICIT) was selected as a suitable generic metadata model for contextualising indicators. In this work, we adapted the SOLICIT generic framework to the diabetes sub-domain and extended its applicability more generally across all NCDs. As a proof of concept, we present an example of how to adapt a diabetes indicator and its related contextualisation within SOLICIT. Conclusion: The accurate contextualisation of NCD indicators can substantially improve their use and comparability across national and regional boundaries. This study delivered a set of seven recommendations for implementation in three different areas: (a) contextualisation of common data elements and indicators (use of contextual information; common schema for semantic linkage), (b) generic contextualisation framework (adoption of the framework; use of SOLICIT), and (c) implementation at EU level (pilot test of the model on federated networks; development of European portals; implementation of a user-friendly interface for SOLICIT). The proposed concepts provide a way of validating indicator values and their comparisons, as well as their provision, including all relevant details, encouraging secondary use and potential integration with additional indicator sets. Further studies are needed to test and refine the proposed model.

AB - Background: Comparing health indicators across the European Union (EU) is a challenging endeavour. A feasibility study was conducted to explore opportunities for improvement through the contextualisation of indicators for major non-communicable diseases (NCDs). We aimed to improve the usability and transparency of indicators in the domain of NCDs by describing the contextual information about the data from which they draw and the related data processes. In particular, we sought to illustrate how semantic linkage could be achieved to facilitate interoperability with other metadata models using FAIR data principles. Finally, we aimed to provide recommendations for the implementation of the proposed metadata model at the EU level. Methods: A number of expert group meetings were held between March 2023 and October 2024 to agree on the approach and related technologies to meet the standard requirements for the meaningful comparison of indicators across countries and regions of Europe in the domain of NCDs. Results: The Semantic Ontology-Labelled Indicator Contextualisation Integrative Taxonomy (SOLICIT) was selected as a suitable generic metadata model for contextualising indicators. In this work, we adapted the SOLICIT generic framework to the diabetes sub-domain and extended its applicability more generally across all NCDs. As a proof of concept, we present an example of how to adapt a diabetes indicator and its related contextualisation within SOLICIT. Conclusion: The accurate contextualisation of NCD indicators can substantially improve their use and comparability across national and regional boundaries. This study delivered a set of seven recommendations for implementation in three different areas: (a) contextualisation of common data elements and indicators (use of contextual information; common schema for semantic linkage), (b) generic contextualisation framework (adoption of the framework; use of SOLICIT), and (c) implementation at EU level (pilot test of the model on federated networks; development of European portals; implementation of a user-friendly interface for SOLICIT). The proposed concepts provide a way of validating indicator values and their comparisons, as well as their provision, including all relevant details, encouraging secondary use and potential integration with additional indicator sets. Further studies are needed to test and refine the proposed model.

KW - EHDS

KW - FAIR

KW - health indicator

KW - health indicator framework

KW - indicator contextualisation

KW - metadata

KW - non-communicable diseases

KW - SOLICIT

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105026315255

U2 - 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1685733

DO - 10.3389/fdgth.2025.1685733

M3 - Article

C2 - 41477523

AN - SCOPUS:105026315255

SN - 2673-253X

VL - 7

JO - Frontiers in Digital Health

JF - Frontiers in Digital Health

M1 - 1685733

ER -