Finite Element Modeling

Finite element (FE) modeling is a technique to study the internal loading of the human body in a noninvasive manner. This unique ability of FE modeling combined with its capacity for virtual experimentation have enabled exploring aspects of foot biomechanics that cannot be investigated experimentally. The newly gained insight has helped to improve footwear design and to enhance the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. Despite its widespread use; FE modeling is still limited within the research domain and has no direct impact on clinical practice until now. The potential clinical relevance of FE analysis can be significantly enhanced by the development of robust techniques for subject-specific modeling that can be used to inform daily clinical practice. Existing applications of FE modeling for the material characterization of plantar soft tissues, for the real time assessment of internal tissue loading, or the design optimization of footwear interventions highlight the potential use of FE modeling to enhance the management of conditions such as the diabetic foot or heel pain syndrome. However, realizing this potential will require substantial technological developments to reduce the labor intensity and enhance the reliability of FE modeling. In this context, the overarching aim of this chapter is to support clinically relevant FE modeling in the area of foot biomechanics by providing an overview of existing applications and modeling techniques and by discussing the challenges, problems, and possible solutions for reliable subject-specific, clinically applicable FE modeling. Prior knowledge of FE or computer modeling is not needed for reading this chapter, which could be equally relevant to people designing FE analyses in the area of foot biomechanics and to people who want a deeper understanding of literature in this area.