TY - JOUR
T1 - INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND PLANT STRUCTURES
T2 - MECHANISMS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
AU - Raven, John A.
N1 - Funding Information:
Discussions over the years with Susan Allen, Mitchell Andrews, Mary Beilby, Martin Canny, Dianne Edwards, Clifford Evans, Lyn Jones, Linda Handley, Missy Holbrook, Hans Lambers, Enid MacRobbie, Rana Munns, John Passioura, Ros Rickaby, Andrew Smith, Harry Smith, Sally Smith, Mel Tyree, Alan Walker, Philip White and Sally Wilkinson have been very helpful. The University of Dundee is a registered Scottish Charity, No. 015096.
Publisher Copyright:
© The Author(s) 2022.
PY - 2022/6/15
Y1 - 2022/6/15
N2 - Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the (overlapping) categories of energy, material and information. Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground structures, and drives most water uptake through roots and supplies energy as organic matter to below ground parts, including diazotrophic symbionts and mycorrhizas. Material transfer occurs as water and dissolved soil-derived elements transport up the xylem, and a small fraction of water moving up the xylem with dissolved organic carbon and other solutes down the phloem. The cytosolic nature of sieve tubes accounts for at least some of the cycling of K, Mg and P down the phloem. NO3– assimilation of above ground parts requires organic N transport down phloem with, in some cases, organic anions related to shoot acid-base regulation. Long-distance information transfer is related development, biotic and abiotic damage, and above and below ground resource excess and limitation. Information transfer can involve hydraulic, electrical and chemical signaling, with their varying speeds of transmission and information content. Interaction of above and below ground plant parts is an important component of the ecosystem service of storing atmospheric CO2 as organic C in soil, a process that has decreased since the origin of agriculture.
AB - Interactions between above and below ground parts of plants can be considered under the (overlapping) categories of energy, material and information. Solar energy powers photosynthesis and transpiration by above ground structures, and drives most water uptake through roots and supplies energy as organic matter to below ground parts, including diazotrophic symbionts and mycorrhizas. Material transfer occurs as water and dissolved soil-derived elements transport up the xylem, and a small fraction of water moving up the xylem with dissolved organic carbon and other solutes down the phloem. The cytosolic nature of sieve tubes accounts for at least some of the cycling of K, Mg and P down the phloem. NO3– assimilation of above ground parts requires organic N transport down phloem with, in some cases, organic anions related to shoot acid-base regulation. Long-distance information transfer is related development, biotic and abiotic damage, and above and below ground resource excess and limitation. Information transfer can involve hydraulic, electrical and chemical signaling, with their varying speeds of transmission and information content. Interaction of above and below ground plant parts is an important component of the ecosystem service of storing atmospheric CO2 as organic C in soil, a process that has decreased since the origin of agriculture.
KW - Aerenchyma
KW - Carbon accumulation
KW - Hormones
KW - Phloem
KW - Xylem
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85131416010&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.15302/J-FASE-2021433
DO - 10.15302/J-FASE-2021433
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:85131416010
SN - 2095-7505
VL - 9
SP - 197
EP - 213
JO - Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering (FASE)
JF - Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering (FASE)
IS - 2
ER -