Navigating Training and Troubles in Facial Image Comparison and Approximation

The rise of CCTV surveillance and increased security measures has bolstered the adoption of both manual and automated recognition methods. Furthermore, catastrophic events have highlighted the complexities and obstacles inherent in contemporary approaches to disaster victim identification. The interpersonal and intrinsic value of the human face underscores its importance in human identification efforts. Characterized by genetics, environment, lifestyle, developmental factors, and mechanical function, the craniofacial complex is inherently dynamic. Craniofacial identification draws from numerous specialties including image science, anatomy, biological anthropology, and forensic psychology. Standards and guidelines aimed at ensuring consistency and quality assurance across craniofacial identification disciplines are continuously developing. The multidisciplinary nature of the field and the evolving nature of protocol design present inevitable challenges in achieving optimal training and performance goals. Facial image comparison (FIC) and facial approximation (FA) are two significant sub-disciplines within craniofacial identification. FIC heavily relies on the quality standards framework established by the Facial Identification Scientific Working Group (FISWG), which has gained significant international recognition. Challenges with taxonomy, reporting methods, image integrity preservation, and bias prevention, however, persist. In FA, the Scientific Working Group for Forensic Anthropology (SWGANTH) emphasizes the need for practitioners to limit subjectivity, utilize scientifically tested methods, and transparently communicate method weaknesses and limitations. Appropriate protocol selection and visual face prediction are the independent responsibilities of the practitioner. This paper examines current teaching practices within the UK and identifies ongoing concerns in FIC and FA that require attention to bolster confidence in future practice.