Outer kinetochore proteins form linear elements to regulate vesicle transport

TY - JOUR

T1 - Outer kinetochore proteins form linear elements to regulate vesicle transport

AU - Kowaleski, Shane

AU - Bridgewater, Alexis

AU - Saraceno, Cody

AU - Dudek, Miranda

AU - Pelisch, Fede

AU - Bembenek, Joshua

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026. Published by The Company of Biologists.

PY - 2026/5/11

Y1 - 2026/5/11

N2 - During cell division, several key regulators of chromosome segregation play additional roles during vesicle trafficking required for cytokinesis. During anaphase I in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes, chromosome segregation is coordinated with vesicle trafficking to support polar body extrusion and exocytosis of extracellular matrix material. Prior to anaphase, numerous outer kinetochore proteins localize to mysterious 'linear element' structures throughout the cortex in addition to chromosomes, which has been observed in oocytes of multiple species. Here, we demonstrate that linear elements in C. elegans initially form as puncta just before nuclear envelope breakdown and rapidly assemble into larger elongated structures. As linear elements grow, they form large clusters with cortical granule secretory vesicles, initiating an elaborate transport mechanism that distributes vesicles throughout the cortex by anaphase I. Linear elements dynamically interact with microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum during this process. Microtubules are required for linear element assembly, motility and vesicle transport. Knockdown of a plus-end microtubule-binding kinetochore component also inhibits linear element growth and vesicle clustering, but not the motility of linear element puncta. Depletion of several outer kinetochore proteins causes defects in extracellular matrix formation. Therefore, linear elements facilitate the microtubule-dependent transport of vesicles for their proper distribution in the cortex, which is essential for oocyte development.

AB - During cell division, several key regulators of chromosome segregation play additional roles during vesicle trafficking required for cytokinesis. During anaphase I in Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes, chromosome segregation is coordinated with vesicle trafficking to support polar body extrusion and exocytosis of extracellular matrix material. Prior to anaphase, numerous outer kinetochore proteins localize to mysterious 'linear element' structures throughout the cortex in addition to chromosomes, which has been observed in oocytes of multiple species. Here, we demonstrate that linear elements in C. elegans initially form as puncta just before nuclear envelope breakdown and rapidly assemble into larger elongated structures. As linear elements grow, they form large clusters with cortical granule secretory vesicles, initiating an elaborate transport mechanism that distributes vesicles throughout the cortex by anaphase I. Linear elements dynamically interact with microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum during this process. Microtubules are required for linear element assembly, motility and vesicle transport. Knockdown of a plus-end microtubule-binding kinetochore component also inhibits linear element growth and vesicle clustering, but not the motility of linear element puncta. Depletion of several outer kinetochore proteins causes defects in extracellular matrix formation. Therefore, linear elements facilitate the microtubule-dependent transport of vesicles for their proper distribution in the cortex, which is essential for oocyte development.

KW - Linear element

KW - Oocyte

KW - Outer kinetochore

KW - Vesicle transport

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105038602602

U2 - 10.1242/jcs.264478

DO - 10.1242/jcs.264478

M3 - Article

C2 - 41968893

SN - 0021-9533

VL - 139

SP - 1

EP - 14

JO - Journal of Cell Science

JF - Journal of Cell Science

IS - 9

ER -