Population screening for osteoporosis risk: A randomised control trial of medication use and fracture risk

Randomised control trial of osteoporosis screening in 4,800 women aged 45-54 years was carried out. Screened group observed an increase of 7.9% in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use (p<0.001), 15% in other osteoporosis treatments (p<0.001) and a 25.9% reduction in fracture risk compared with control. Screening for osteoporosis significantly increases treatment use and reduces fracture incidence. Introduction Population screening programmes can identify menopausal women with low bone mineral density (BMD) and elevated risk of future fracture but require to be proven effective by a randomised control trial. Methods A total of 4,800 women, 45-54 years, were randomised in equal numbers to screening or no screening (control) groups. Following screening, those in the lowest quartile of BMD were advised to consider HRT. Nine years later, the effect of screening on the uptake of treatment and the incidence of fractures were assessed by postal questionnaire. Categorical differences were assessed using x² test. Cox regression was used to assess hazard ratio (HR). Results Of the screened and the control groups, 52.4% vs 44.5%, respectively, reported taking HRT (p<0.001). In addition, 36.6% of the screened vs 21.6% of the control groups reported the use of vitamin D, calcium, alendronate, etidronate or raloxifene (p<0.001). In a per protocol analysis of verified incident fractures, a 25.9% reduction in risk of fractures (of any site) in the screened group was observed (HR=0.741, 95% CI=0.551-0.998 adjusted age, weight and height). Conclusions Screening for osteoporosis as assessed by low bone density significantly increases the use of HRT and other treatments for osteoporosis and reduces fracture incidence.