Prevalence and Risk Factors for Gingival Recession and Abrasion in Periodontally Healthy and Diseased Cohort Referred to Dental Teaching Clinic in Baghdad: A Cross-Sectional Study

TY - JOUR

T1 - Prevalence and Risk Factors for Gingival Recession and Abrasion in Periodontally Healthy and Diseased Cohort Referred to Dental Teaching Clinic in Baghdad

T2 - A Cross-Sectional Study

AU - Imran, Nada K.

AU - Al-Sharqi, Ali J.B.

AU - Abdulkareem, Ali A.

AU - Gul, Sarhang S.

AU - Preshaw, Philip M.

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2026 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

PY - 2026/7/18

Y1 - 2026/7/18

N2 - Introduction: Gingival recession (GR) is the apical displacement of the gingival margin, while gingival abrasion (GA) is the pathologic wear of gingiva by a foreign substance/object. Both can result in exposure of the root surface and can be associated with sensitivity, caries and compromised aesthetics. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for GR/GA among patients referred to the teaching dental clinic in Baghdad. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-two subjects diagnosed with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis were recruited. Self-reported demographic parameters including age, sex, smoking, systemic disease, occupation, education, income, brushing frequency and type of toothbrush were recorded. The number of sites with GR and their depth were also recorded. GA lesions were categorised as small (≤ 2 mm), moderate (2–5 mm), and large (> 5 mm). Results: The prevalence of GR was 42.1% with significantly greater defect depth in periodontitis cases compared to healthy individuals (3.4 ± 1.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.9 mm, p < 0.003). The prevalence of GR was highest in lower premolar (22.2%) and maxillary canine (15.5%) sites. Large GA defects (> 5 mm) were most prevalent in periodontitis patients. Adjusted models indicated that hard-bristle toothbrush use (OR 3.19; 95% CI 1.38–7.38, p = 0.007), presence of periodontitis (OR 12.02; 95% CI 1.83–79.13, p = 0.01), and tooth type (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30–0.81, p = 0.005) were potential risk factors for GA and were also associated with increasing GR defect depth (R2 0.15, p < 0.001). Conclusion: GR/GA is a common oral health problem and was independently associated with the use of hard-bristle toothbrushes, tooth type, and the presence of periodontitis. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted within the context of a single-centre referral setting.

AB - Introduction: Gingival recession (GR) is the apical displacement of the gingival margin, while gingival abrasion (GA) is the pathologic wear of gingiva by a foreign substance/object. Both can result in exposure of the root surface and can be associated with sensitivity, caries and compromised aesthetics. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for GR/GA among patients referred to the teaching dental clinic in Baghdad. Methods: Three hundred and seventy-two subjects diagnosed with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis were recruited. Self-reported demographic parameters including age, sex, smoking, systemic disease, occupation, education, income, brushing frequency and type of toothbrush were recorded. The number of sites with GR and their depth were also recorded. GA lesions were categorised as small (≤ 2 mm), moderate (2–5 mm), and large (> 5 mm). Results: The prevalence of GR was 42.1% with significantly greater defect depth in periodontitis cases compared to healthy individuals (3.4 ± 1.4 vs. 2.1 ± 0.9 mm, p < 0.003). The prevalence of GR was highest in lower premolar (22.2%) and maxillary canine (15.5%) sites. Large GA defects (> 5 mm) were most prevalent in periodontitis patients. Adjusted models indicated that hard-bristle toothbrush use (OR 3.19; 95% CI 1.38–7.38, p = 0.007), presence of periodontitis (OR 12.02; 95% CI 1.83–79.13, p = 0.01), and tooth type (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.30–0.81, p = 0.005) were potential risk factors for GA and were also associated with increasing GR defect depth (R2 0.15, p < 0.001). Conclusion: GR/GA is a common oral health problem and was independently associated with the use of hard-bristle toothbrushes, tooth type, and the presence of periodontitis. However, these results should be cautiously interpreted within the context of a single-centre referral setting.

KW - cross-sectional study

KW - gingival abrasion

KW - gingival recession

KW - periodontal disease

KW - periodontal health

KW - prevalence

KW - toothbrushing

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105044841921

U2 - 10.1111/idh.70134

DO - 10.1111/idh.70134

M3 - Article

C2 - 42470227

AN - SCOPUS:105044841921

SN - 1601-5029

JO - International Journal of Dental Hygiene

JF - International Journal of Dental Hygiene

ER -