Tail-less precursors in synthetic cannabinoid production: investigating a clandestine laboratory, seized samples, and CB1 activity

Manuela Carla Monti; Tobias Rautio; Marie H. Deventer; Markus Schläpfer; Johannes Tveit; Alex J. Krotulski; Victoria Marland; Robert Reid; Niamh Nic Daeid; Craig McKenzie; Christophe P. Stove; Henrik Green; Caitlyn Norman

doi:10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0

Tail-less precursors in synthetic cannabinoid production: investigating a clandestine laboratory, seized samples, and CB₁ activity

Manuela Carla Monti
, Tobias Rautio
, Marie H. Deventer
, Markus Schläpfer
, Johannes Tveit
, Alex J. Krotulski
, Victoria Marland
, Robert Reid
, Niamh Nic Daeid
, Craig McKenzie
, Christophe P. Stove
, Henrik Green
, Caitlyn Norman (Lead / Corresponding author)

Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

8 Citations (Scopus)

51 Downloads (Pure)

Abstract

An emerging new trend reveals that potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) that were prevalent prior to the Chinese class-wide ban in July 2021 have remained on the market or re-emerged. This is likely because of a new production route where unscheduled tail-less precursors are converted into the desired controlled SCRA via a one-step synthesis. This study reports the discovery of a clandestine production site in Switzerland for this synthesis. Controlled recreations of the synthesis of ADB-BUTINACA (also known as ADB-BINACA or ADMB-BUTINACA) and MDMB-4en-PINACA based on a recipe recovered from the Swiss production site were undertaken. The recreations yielded oils or waxy products with chromatographic purities ranging from 39.3 to 93.4% with the precursors (ADB-INACA or MDMB-INACA) remaining in all products. Mixtures of a precursor (e.g., MDMB-INACA, ADB-INACA, AB-INACA, MDMB-ICA, ADB-IATA, MDMB-5’Me-INACA) with corresponding final SCRA(s) (e.g., MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, ADB-4en-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTICA, ADB-FUBIATA) were found in 28 forensic casework samples in the US received between February 2023 and February 2024 and 87 samples seized from the Scottish prisons between February 2023 and July 2024. In vitro CB₁ receptor activity of the precursors, synthesized products, and mixtures of precursors and final SCRAs were examined using β-arrestin 2 recruitment and intracellular calcium release assays. The precursors were much less potent than the final SCRAs and the concentration of the final SCRA dictated the activity of mixtures. This study raises awareness of the emergence of a new production method for SCRAs as observed in multiple countries.

Original language	English
Journal	Archives of Toxicology
Early online date	23 May 2025
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0
Publication status	E-pub ahead of print - 23 May 2025

Keywords

CB cannabinoid receptor
Clandestine drug laboratory investigation
New psychoactive substances
Precursors
Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Toxicology
Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

Access to Document

10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0Licence: CC BY

Final published version
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
Final published version, 2.66 MBLicence: CC BY

Cite this

Monti, M. C., Rautio, T., Deventer, M. H., Schläpfer, M., Tveit, J., Krotulski, A. J., Marland, V., Reid, R., Daeid, N. N., McKenzie, C., Stove, C. P., Green, H., & Norman, C. (2025). Tail-less precursors in synthetic cannabinoid production: investigating a clandestine laboratory, seized samples, and CB₁ activity. Archives of Toxicology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0

@article{da0fdea57d174bda912dd9ab2ca7a828,

title = "Tail-less precursors in synthetic cannabinoid production: investigating a clandestine laboratory, seized samples, and CB1 activity",

abstract = "An emerging new trend reveals that potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) that were prevalent prior to the Chinese class-wide ban in July 2021 have remained on the market or re-emerged. This is likely because of a new production route where unscheduled tail-less precursors are converted into the desired controlled SCRA via a one-step synthesis. This study reports the discovery of a clandestine production site in Switzerland for this synthesis. Controlled recreations of the synthesis of ADB-BUTINACA (also known as ADB-BINACA or ADMB-BUTINACA) and MDMB-4en-PINACA based on a recipe recovered from the Swiss production site were undertaken. The recreations yielded oils or waxy products with chromatographic purities ranging from 39.3 to 93.4\% with the precursors (ADB-INACA or MDMB-INACA) remaining in all products. Mixtures of a precursor (e.g., MDMB-INACA, ADB-INACA, AB-INACA, MDMB-ICA, ADB-IATA, MDMB-5{\textquoteright}Me-INACA) with corresponding final SCRA(s) (e.g., MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, ADB-4en-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTICA, ADB-FUBIATA) were found in 28 forensic casework samples in the US received between February 2023 and February 2024 and 87 samples seized from the Scottish prisons between February 2023 and July 2024. In vitro CB1 receptor activity of the precursors, synthesized products, and mixtures of precursors and final SCRAs were examined using β-arrestin 2 recruitment and intracellular calcium release assays. The precursors were much less potent than the final SCRAs and the concentration of the final SCRA dictated the activity of mixtures. This study raises awareness of the emergence of a new production method for SCRAs as observed in multiple countries.",

keywords = "CB cannabinoid receptor, Clandestine drug laboratory investigation, New psychoactive substances, Precursors, Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists",

author = "Monti, \{Manuela Carla\} and Tobias Rautio and Deventer, \{Marie H.\} and Markus Schl{\"a}pfer and Johannes Tveit and Krotulski, \{Alex J.\} and Victoria Marland and Robert Reid and Daeid, \{Niamh Nic\} and Craig McKenzie and Stove, \{Christophe P.\} and Henrik Green and Caitlyn Norman",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2025.",

year = "2025",

month = may,

day = "23",

doi = "10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0",

language = "English",

journal = "Archives of Toxicology",

issn = "0340-5761",

publisher = "Springer Science and Business Media Deutschland GmbH",

}

TY - JOUR

T1 - Tail-less precursors in synthetic cannabinoid production

T2 - investigating a clandestine laboratory, seized samples, and CB1 activity

AU - Monti, Manuela Carla

AU - Rautio, Tobias

AU - Deventer, Marie H.

AU - Schläpfer, Markus

AU - Tveit, Johannes

AU - Krotulski, Alex J.

AU - Marland, Victoria

AU - Reid, Robert

AU - Daeid, Niamh Nic

AU - McKenzie, Craig

AU - Stove, Christophe P.

AU - Green, Henrik

AU - Norman, Caitlyn

PY - 2025/5/23

Y1 - 2025/5/23

N2 - An emerging new trend reveals that potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) that were prevalent prior to the Chinese class-wide ban in July 2021 have remained on the market or re-emerged. This is likely because of a new production route where unscheduled tail-less precursors are converted into the desired controlled SCRA via a one-step synthesis. This study reports the discovery of a clandestine production site in Switzerland for this synthesis. Controlled recreations of the synthesis of ADB-BUTINACA (also known as ADB-BINACA or ADMB-BUTINACA) and MDMB-4en-PINACA based on a recipe recovered from the Swiss production site were undertaken. The recreations yielded oils or waxy products with chromatographic purities ranging from 39.3 to 93.4% with the precursors (ADB-INACA or MDMB-INACA) remaining in all products. Mixtures of a precursor (e.g., MDMB-INACA, ADB-INACA, AB-INACA, MDMB-ICA, ADB-IATA, MDMB-5’Me-INACA) with corresponding final SCRA(s) (e.g., MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, ADB-4en-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTICA, ADB-FUBIATA) were found in 28 forensic casework samples in the US received between February 2023 and February 2024 and 87 samples seized from the Scottish prisons between February 2023 and July 2024. In vitro CB1 receptor activity of the precursors, synthesized products, and mixtures of precursors and final SCRAs were examined using β-arrestin 2 recruitment and intracellular calcium release assays. The precursors were much less potent than the final SCRAs and the concentration of the final SCRA dictated the activity of mixtures. This study raises awareness of the emergence of a new production method for SCRAs as observed in multiple countries.

AB - An emerging new trend reveals that potent synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) that were prevalent prior to the Chinese class-wide ban in July 2021 have remained on the market or re-emerged. This is likely because of a new production route where unscheduled tail-less precursors are converted into the desired controlled SCRA via a one-step synthesis. This study reports the discovery of a clandestine production site in Switzerland for this synthesis. Controlled recreations of the synthesis of ADB-BUTINACA (also known as ADB-BINACA or ADMB-BUTINACA) and MDMB-4en-PINACA based on a recipe recovered from the Swiss production site were undertaken. The recreations yielded oils or waxy products with chromatographic purities ranging from 39.3 to 93.4% with the precursors (ADB-INACA or MDMB-INACA) remaining in all products. Mixtures of a precursor (e.g., MDMB-INACA, ADB-INACA, AB-INACA, MDMB-ICA, ADB-IATA, MDMB-5’Me-INACA) with corresponding final SCRA(s) (e.g., MDMB-4en-PINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-BUTINACA, MDMB-FUBINACA, ADB-BUTINACA, ADB-4en-PINACA, AB-CHMINACA, 4F-MDMB-BUTICA, ADB-FUBIATA) were found in 28 forensic casework samples in the US received between February 2023 and February 2024 and 87 samples seized from the Scottish prisons between February 2023 and July 2024. In vitro CB1 receptor activity of the precursors, synthesized products, and mixtures of precursors and final SCRAs were examined using β-arrestin 2 recruitment and intracellular calcium release assays. The precursors were much less potent than the final SCRAs and the concentration of the final SCRA dictated the activity of mixtures. This study raises awareness of the emergence of a new production method for SCRAs as observed in multiple countries.

KW - CB cannabinoid receptor

KW - Clandestine drug laboratory investigation

KW - New psychoactive substances

KW - Precursors

KW - Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists

UR - https://www.scopus.com/pages/publications/105006824036

U2 - 10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0

DO - 10.1007/s00204-025-04086-0

M3 - Article

C2 - 40407906

AN - SCOPUS:105006824036

SN - 0340-5761

JO - Archives of Toxicology

JF - Archives of Toxicology

ER -