@inproceedings{be546622b3ae4249bc0867b447bb6e65,
title = "Time-zoomable FRET spectroscopy with a 512 x16 SPAD line sensor",
abstract = "We demonstrate a new 512x16 single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) based line sensor with per-pixel TCSPC histogramming for time-resolved, time-zoomable, FRET spectroscopy. The line sensor can operate in single photon counting (SPC) mode as well as time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) and per-pixel histogramming modes. TCSPC has been the preferred method for fluorescence lifetime measurements due to its collection of full decays as a histogram of arrival times. However, TCSPC is slow due to only capturing one photon per exposure and large timestamp data transfer requirements for offline histogramming. On-chip histogramming improves the data rate by allowing multiple SPAD pulses (up to one pulse per laser period) to be processed in each exposure cycle, along with secondly reducing the I/O bottleneck as only the final histogram is transferred. This can enable 50x higher acquisition rates (up to 10 billion counts per second), along with time-zoomable histogramming operation from 1.6ns to 205ns with 50ps resolution. A broad spectral range can be interrogated with the sensor (450-900nm). Overall, these sensors provide a unique combination of light sensing capabilities for use in high speed, sensitive, optical instrumentation in the time/wavelength domain. We test the sensor performance by observation of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between FAM and TAMRA and between EGFP and RFP FRET standards.",
keywords = "CMOS, Fluorescence lifetime, FRET, Histogram, Single Photon Counting, SPAD, Spectroscopy, TCSPC",
author = "Erdogan, {Ahmet T.} and Williams, {Gareth O.S.} and Andrea Usai and Nikola Krstajic and Neil Finlayson and Andrew Beavil and Rebecca Beavil and Henderson, {Robert K.}",
year = "2018",
month = feb,
day = "20",
doi = "10.1117/12.2290058",
language = "English",
volume = "10504",
series = "BIOPHYSICS, BIOLOGY AND BIOPHOTONICS III: THE CROSSROADS",
publisher = "SPIE-International Society for Optical Engineering",
editor = "Adam Wax and Vadim Backman",
booktitle = "Biophysics, Biology and Biophotonics III",
note = "Biophysics, Biology and Biophotonics III: The Crossroads 2018 ; Conference date: 28-01-2018 Through 28-01-2018",
}