Trial of management of borderline and other low-grade abnormal smears (TOMBOLA): trial design

Seonaidh C. Cotton (Lead / Corresponding author), Linda Sharp, Julian Little, Ian Duncan, Lindyanne Alexander, Margaret E. Cruickshank, Nicola M. Gray, David Jenkins, Zoë Philips, Alistair Robertson, Rashmi Seth, The TOMBOLA group

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    47 Citations (Scopus)

    Abstract

    Cervical screening reduces the risk of cervical cancer by detecting and treating cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). The management of women with low-grade cervical abnormalities is controversial. Two management policies exist: repeat smears in primary care and colposcopy examination. It is not clear which of these is the more effective and efficient. There is also uncertainty as to the most effective and efficient management of women at colposcopy when an area of abnormality is seen on the cervix - immediate treatment or biopsy and selective recall for treatment if the biopsy result suggests this is necessary. The result of a human papillomavirus (HPV) test might assist in deciding the appropriate management of women with low-grade abnormalities. TOMBOLA, a pragmatic randomised-controlled trial set within the cervical screening programmes in Scotland and England, addresses these three areas of uncertainty. Almost four and a half thousand women aged 20-59 with a low-grade cervical abnormality have been recruited and randomised to either repeat smears or colposcopy examination. Women in the colposcopy arm of the trial are further randomised to a policy of either immediate treatment or biopsy and selective recall for treatment if they have an abnormal transformation zone. Women are followed up to an exit examination at 3 years. HPV testing is undertaken at recruitment and at the exit examination. The primary endpoint is cumulative incidence of CIN2/3. A range of other clinical, psychosocial and economic outcomes is being considered. This paper describes the design of the trial, and discusses the rationale underlying aspects of the design and the challenges faced in designing and implementing the trial.

    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)449-471
    Number of pages23
    JournalContemporary Clinical Trials
    Volume27
    Issue number5
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished - Oct 2006

    Keywords

    • Alphapapillomavirus
    • Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
    • Colposcopy
    • England
    • Female
    • Humans
    • Outcome assessment (health care)
    • Papillomavirus infections
    • Quality assurance, Health care
    • Randomized controlled trials as topic
    • Research design
    • Scotland
    • Uterine cervical dysplasia
    • Uterine cervical neoplasms
    • Vaginal smears

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