Covid-19 has caused a dramatic change to prison life: Analysing the impacts of the Covid-19 pandemic on the pains of imprisonment in the Scottish Prison Estate

of sexual crimes

sanction in Norway, and focuses on the 'success' or recidivism rate of the released forvaring population. Furthermore, it aims to critically assess these initial findings in the light of what is known about reconviction levels among released individuals who have been subject to life and long-term imprisonment across different jurisdictions.

EXPLORING PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS PERSONS CONVICTED OF SEXUAL CRIMES AMONG STUDENTS WITHIN THE FIELD OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE, HEALTH CARE, AND SOCIAL WORK IN NORWAY
Larsen Bjørn Kjetil 1 , Ødegård Atle 1 , Pape Hilde 2 . 1 Molde University College, Norway 2 University College of Norwegian Correctional Service, Norway.
In Norwegian prisons the number of persons convicted for sexual crimes have been growing the last years. From 2012 to 2020, the number increased by 32 percent. Attitudes towards persons convicted of sexual crimes among the public are consistently negative. Frontline workers working with the rehabilitation of persons convicted of sexual crimes and within the criminal justice may also be influenced by negative attitudes among the general public. Few studies have been conducted on attitudes towards persons convicted of sexual offenses in Norway, a country known for its focus on humane treatment and rehabilitation of prisoners. Exploring attitudes among students within the welfare services and the criminal justice system, may be a fruitful departure point for investigating the meeting point between frontline workers and a stigmatized group of offenders. The main aim of the proposed study is to gain knowledge about attitudes towards persons convicted for sexual crimes among social work students, nurse students and police students in Norway. Secondary aims are: a) to test the Perceptions of Sex Offenders Scale (PSO; Harper & Hogue, 2014) in a Norwegian context, b) to develop hypotheses about differences between student groups and within student groups participating in the survey. To address these aims, the student groups will be questioned and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (N¼200) will be conducted in order to explore attitudes among students and to test the PSO-tool in a Norwegian context. Although there is a growing body of research on participatory music making during imprisonment, these studies lack strong theoretical underpinnings. To respond to this gap and grounded in a realist approach, we initiated a realist literature review to identify the outcomes of participatory music making in prison, and to unravel the mechanisms and contextual factors that trigger these outcomes. This review is conducted following the RAMESES guidelines for realist reviews. We conducted a search in five academic databases (i.e. ERIC, PsycINFO, Social Services abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Web of Science) for articles published in English and Dutch. The search strategy combines multiple key search terms which were a priori agreed on by the different co-authors. The results reveal that participatory music making in prison can produce a variety of outcomes for people in prison (e.g. self-development), prisons (e.g. improved atmosphere), and society (e.g. possible reduction in recidivism). It also provides insight into the mechanisms (e.g. a safe space) and contextual factors at microlevel (e.g. motivation of people in prison), exo-level (e.g. support of the prison), macro-level (e.g. policy on music making in prison) that trigger the outcomes. At the end of the review, initial program theories will be developed. These initial program theories will provide insight into how participatory music making in prison is expected to work. In the following steps of the doctoral research, these theories will be further refined through theory-gleaning interviews with academics and program developers and based on case studies.

Maycock Matthew. University of Dundee, School of Education and Social Work, Scotland
Goffman's influential work Asylums (1961), outlines a particular interpretation of the parameters of the total institution, of which prisons were one manifestation. In the years following its publication, a wide range of research has sought to subvert the notion that prisons are total institutions, suggesting a greater permeability of contemporary prison 'walls'. This paper calls for a re-consideration of this dismissal, and a reconnection with Goffman's original parameters within the context of the Covid-19 pandemic and associated lockdown. The lockdown in response to Covid-19 in prison settings, has resulted in many prison jurisdictions rolling back many of the subversions of the prison as a total institution. Through the analysis of nineteen letters received from eight people in custody in one Scottish prison, there emerges a reframed and reconsidered permeability of prison walls. For the participants in this study, the experiences of the Covid-19 lockdown complicate much of the recent critique of the relevance of the total institution as a theoretical frame to analyse contemporary prisons. This paper concludes by considering the ways in which the Covid-19 pandemic might serve to illuminate an essential quality of contemporary imprisonment, obscured through decades of penal reform but emerging at times of 'crisis'.

A CASE STUDY OF HOW AN ENGLISH PRISON MANAGED COVID RESTRICTIONS
Meek Rosie. Royal Holloway University of London, Law School, England In this presentation, I will outline findings from a case study project undertaken by Meek and Hardwick which was subsequently published in the Prison Service Journal (Hardwick, Meek & Crossey, 2022). The presentation explores the impact of Covid restrictions on the operation of one large male prison in England, together with our resulting observations on the wellbeing of those who live and work in the prison. Our methods drew on a range of qualitative and quantitative sources, including the scrutiny of operational, policy documents and written and spoken consultation with prisoners and prison staff.

PROCEDURAL JUSTICE IN P€ oSCHWIES PRISON. WHERE ARE WE? WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
Urwyler Thierry 1,3,2 . 1 Corrections and Rehabilitation, Canton of Zurich, Switzerland 2 University of Zurich, Switzerland 3 University of Lucerne, Switzerland Procedural Justice (PJ) is a major topic in prison-related research. However, there is a lack of empirical studies regarding Swiss prisons. Starting in 2022, a large-scale study with a mixed-method design will be conducted at P€ oschwies prison, the largest prison for convicted male prisoners in Switzerland (Location: Canton of Zurich). P€ oschwies prisoners will be interviewed by means of a standardised questionnaire. Additionally, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with approx. 25 prisoners. Finally, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with both internal (prison staff etc.) and external stakeholders (lawyers, NGO etc.) to capture as many relevant PJ facets as possible. The results of the study could provide valuable insights into current PJ challenges at P€ oschwies Abstracts Forensic Science International: Mind and Law 3 (2022) 100078